Java Inheritance (IS-A Relationship) 🚀¶

Mentor's Note: Inheritance is about Efficiency and Classification. Why build a new kingdom from scratch if your parents already have one? In programming, if you can say "X is a type of Y", you use Inheritance to build on existing code! 💡

🌟 The Scenario: The Royal Family 👑¶

Imagine you are part of a royal family.

The Superclass (Parent): The King has a Crown 👑 and a Kingdom 🏰.
The Subclass (Child): The Prince Inherits the Crown and the Kingdom automatically.
The Extension: The Prince also buys a Fast Horse 🐎. He has everything the King has, PLUS his own new features. ✅

🎨 Visual Logic: The Hierarchy¶

classDiagram
    Animal <|-- Dog
    Animal <|-- Cat

    Vehicle <|-- Car
    Vehicle <|-- Bike

    Superhero <|-- Superman
    Superhero <|-- Batman

📖 Concept Explanation¶

1. Subclass vs. Superclass¶

Superclass (Parent): The class being inherited from.
Subclass (Child): The class that inherits from another class.

2. The `extends` Keyword¶

In Java, we use the extends keyword to perform inheritance.

3. The `super` Keyword 🦸¶

The super keyword is like a "Hotline" to the parent. It is used to: - Call the parent's constructor. - Access the parent's methods if they were overridden.

💻 Implementation: The Multi-Scenario Lab¶

1. The Animal Kingdom 🐾2. The Vehicle Fleet 🚗3. The Superhero Team 🦸

class Animal {
    void breathe() { System.out.println("Breathing... 💨"); }
    void move() { System.out.println("Moving... 🐾"); }
}

class Dog extends Animal {
    void bark() { System.out.println("Woof! Woof! 🐕"); }
}

class Vehicle {
    protected String brand = "Ford"; 

    public void honk() { 
        System.out.println("Tuut, tuut! 🔊");
    }
}

class Car extends Vehicle {
    private String modelName = "Mustang"; 

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Car myCar = new Car();
        myCar.honk(); // Using inherited method
        System.out.println(myCar.brand + " " + myCar.modelName);
    }
}

class Superhero {
    void fight() { System.out.println("Fighting evil! 👊"); }
}

class Spiderman extends Superhero {
    void shootWeb() { System.out.println("Thwip! 🕸️"); }
}

📊 Sample Dry Run (Vehicle Example)¶

Step	Action	Computer's Logic	Result
1	`new Car()`	Reserve memory for `brand` (Parent) and `modelName` (Child)	Object created 🏗️
2	`myCar.honk()`	Check `Car` class? (No) -> Check `Vehicle` class? (Yes)	Prints "Tuut!" 🔊
3	`myCar.brand`	Directly access inherited `protected` variable	Prints "Ford" ✅

📈 Technical Analysis & Constraints¶

1. The `extends` Keyword¶

This is the magic link. In Java, a class can have only one direct parent (Single Inheritance).

2. The `super` Keyword 🦸¶

The super keyword is used to: - Call the parent's constructor: super(); - Access parent methods: super.methodName();

3. Access Control 🔑¶

Protected: Members are visible to subclasses even if they are in different packages.
Private: These are NEVER inherited. They stay hidden in the parent's class.

4. The Diamond Problem 💎¶

Java does not allow inheriting from two classes at once (e.g., class Child extends Mom, Dad) to avoid confusion when both parents have the same method name.

🎯 Practice Lab 🧪¶

Task: The Game Character

Create a parent class GameCharacter with a method move().
Create a child class Wizard that inherits GameCharacter.
Add a unique method castSpell() to the Wizard class.
In main, create a Wizard and call both move() and castSpell().

📊 Summary Table¶

Relationship	Logic	Example
Inheritance	IS-A	A Doctor is a Person
Subclass	The Specialist	The Surgeon
Superclass	The General	The Doctor

💡 Interview Tip 👔¶

"Interviewers love asking: 'Does a subclass inherit the constructor of its superclass?' Answer: NO. Constructors are not inherited, but the subclass must call the parent constructor using super() as its first action."

💡 Pro Tip: "Stand on the shoulders of giants—use inheritance to build on what already exists!"