Python Sets 🚀

Mentor's Note: Sets are like a high-security club. Once you're in, you're unique—no two people can have the same ID inside the club! 💡

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🌟 The Scenario: The Guest List 🎫

Imagine you are the organizer of a massive party.

• The Logic:
  • You have many friends coming. Even if someone says "I'm coming" three times, you only put their name on the list Once. 📦
  • The names on the list don't have a special order; they are just a "Pile" of names. 📦
  • You can easily check: "Is Ankit on the list?" ✅
• The Result: A clean, unique list of people without any duplicates. ✅

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📖 Concept Explanation

1. What is a Set?

A set is a collection which is unordered, unchangeable*, and unindexed. - Duplicate values are not allowed. - Note: While you cannot change items, you can remove items and add new items.

2. Creating a Set

Sets are written with curly brackets {}.

myset = {"Apple", "Banana", "Cherry", "Apple"}
print(myset) # Output: {'Banana', 'Apple', 'Cherry'} (Apple appears only once!)

3. Why use a Set?

• Uniqueness: Automatically remove duplicates from a list.
• Math: Perform complex operations like finding common items between two groups.

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🎨 Visual Logic: Set Operations (Venn Diagram)

[!TIP] ⭕ Visual Hint: Imagine two overlapping circles (A and B).

• UNION (A | B): Everything in both circles. 🤝
• INTERSECTION (A & B): Only the middle part where they overlap. 🎯
• DIFFERENCE (A - B): Everything in A that is NOT in B. ✂️

graph TD
    subgraph Union: ["A ∪ B"]
    U[Everything]
    end
    subgraph Intersection: ["A ∩ B"]
    I[Common Items Only]
    end

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💻 Implementation: The Set Lab

Python (3.10+)

# 🛒 Scenario: Common Friends between two people
# 🚀 Action: Using intersection and union

vishnu_friends = {"Ankit", "John", "Sara"}
ankit_friends = {"Sara", "Peter", "Doe"}

# 🎯 1. Who do they BOTH know? (Intersection)
common = vishnu_friends.intersection(ankit_friends)

# 🤝 2. Everyone combined? (Union)
all_friends = vishnu_friends.union(ankit_friends)

# 🛍️ Outcome:
print(f"Common: {common}") # {'Sara'}
print(f"Total Unique: {len(all_friends)}") # 5

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📊 Sample Dry Run (Removing Duplicates)

Input List: [1, 2, 2, 3]

Step	Action	Logic	Resulting Set
1	Load 1	Add to set	{1}
2	Load 2	Add to set	{1, 2}
3	Load 2	REJECTED ❌	{1, 2} (Already exists)
4	Load 3	Add to set	{1, 2, 3}

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📉 Complexity Analysis

• Adding/Removing: \(O(1)\) - Extremely fast!
• Checking Existence (in): \(O(1)\) - Instant, compared to \(O(n)\) for Lists. ⚡

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🎯 Practice Lab 🧪

Task: The Unique ID Filter

Task: You have a list of employee IDs: [101, 102, 101, 103, 102]. Write a program to find how many unique employees are there. Hint: len(set(your_list)). 💡

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← Back: Tuples | Next: Dictionaries →

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